Imam Ali b. Muhammad al-Hadi (a)
Abu l-Ḥasan
ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Hādī, (b. 212/828 - d. 254/868) (Arabic:ابوالحسن علي
بن محمد الهادي) was the son of Imam al-Jawad (a) and he was the tenth
of the twelve Imams of the Shia. He is also known as al-Naqī (النقي, the
pure) and al-Hādī (الهادي, the guide). He was the Imam (leader) between
220/835 and 254/868 for a period of thirty-four years.
Many
years of the imamate (leadership) of Imam al-Hadi (a) took place in
Samarra under direct surveillance of the rulers of his time. His imamate
was contemporary with the rule of some Abbasid caliphs including
al-Mutawakkil al-'Abbasi.
Different hadiths are narrated from
Imam al-Hadi (a) about ideological issues, interpretation of the Qur'an,
fiqh, and ethics. Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira which includes Shi'a
ideological concepts about the Imams, is narrated from Imam al-Hadi (a).
Imam
al-Hadi (a) was in contact with Shi'a and managed their affairs through
the Wikala network. Some of his students and companions are as follows:
'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani, 'Uthman b. Sa'id, Ayyub b. Nuh, al-Hasan b.
Rashid and al-Hasan al-Utrush.
His shrine is in Samarra. The dome
and some minarets of his shrine were destroyed by terrorist attacks in
2006; and again, in 2008 other minarets of the shrine were also
destroyed by another bombing. The shrine has been reconstructed from
2010 to 2015 by Iran.
Lineage, Teknonym, and Titles
Imam
al-Hadi's (a) father was Imam al-Jawad (a), the ninth Imam of the Shi'a
school of thought. His mother was a concubine called Samana[1] or
Susan[2].
Imam al-Hadi (a) and his son Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari
(a) became famously known as 'Askariyyayn[3]; since Abbasid caliphs took
them to Samarra in 233/847-848 and held them under surveillance until
the end of their lives.
Imam al-Hadi (a) was also known under
other titles such as al-Naqi, al-Najib, al-Murtada, al-'Alim, al-Faqih,
al-Amin, and al-Tayyib.
His teknonym was Abu l-Hasan. Since the
teknonym of Imam al-Kazim (a) and Imam al-Rida (a) was also Abu l-Hasan;
to avoid any mistake, in haidth sources Imam al-Kazim (a) is called Abu
l-Hasan al-Awwal (the first Abu l-Hasan), Imam al-Rida (a) is called
Abu l-Hasan al-Thani (the second Abu l-Hasan) and Imam al-Hadi (a) is
known as Abu l-Hasan al-Thalith (the third Abu l-Hasan).
The
inscription of Imam al-Hadi's (a) ring read, "Allah rabbi wa huwa
'ismati min khalqih" (اللّه ربّی و هو عصمتی من خلقه; Allah is my Lord
and He keeps me warded from His creatures).[4]
Birth and Martyrdom
According
to al-Kulayni, al-Shaykh al-Mufid, al-Shaykh al-Tusi and Ibn Athir,
Imam al-Hadi's (a) birth was in the middle of Dhu l-Hijja, 212/March 10,
828 in a region called Sarya near Medina[5]. It was reported by some,
that the 2nd or 5th day of Rajab (1st or 4th of October, 827) was the
day of his birth.[6]
According to the narrations of al-Shaykh
al-Mufid and others, Imam al-Hadi (a) was martyred in the month of Rajab
254/July, 868 after twenty years and nine months of being held in
Samarra[7]. Some sources have mentioned the date of his martyrdom as
Rajab 3/July 2,[8], while others have mentioned it being the
twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth of Jumada II (25th or 26th June)[9], during
the rule of al-Mu'tazz, the thirteenth Abbasid caliph.
Wife and Children
Imam
al-Hadi's (a) wife was called Salil[10]. She was a concubine from
Nawba[11]. She was also the mother of Imam al-'Askari (a).
Most
Shi'a scholars have listed four sons of Imam al-Hadi (a), but there is
disagreement regarding the number of daughters. Al-Hadini wrote Imam
al-Hadi's (a) sons were al-Hasan (a), Muhammad, al-Husayn and Ja'far
(who claimed imamate and was later called Ja'far al-Kadhdhab).[12]
Regarding
his children, al-Shaykh al-Mufid wrote, "His successor was Abu Muhammad
al-Hasan who was Imam after him, and then there are al-Husayn, Muhammad
and a girl named 'A'isha[13]." Ibn Shahrashub mentioned another
daughter for him called 'Aliyya.[14] However, according to different
evidences and references, it may have been the case that Imam al-Hadi
(a) had only one daughter who had different names. According to Sunni
scholars, Imam al-Hadi (a) had four sons and one daughter.[15]
Imamate
Imam
al-Hadi (a) became the Imam in 220/835. Since the Shi'a (except a few)
had passed the issue of the small age of Imam al-Jawad (a) upon becoming
Imam, no obvious doubt was raised about the Imamate of Imam al-Hadi
(a). According to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, all followers of Imam al-Jawad (a)
except a few, accepted the imamate of Imam al-Hadi (a). The other few
people, for a short period of time believed in the imamate of Musa b.
Muhammad (d. 296/909) known as Musa al-Mubarqa' who is buried in Qom;
however, after a while, they turned from his imamate and accepted the
imamate of Imam al-Hadi (a).[16] Sa'd b. Abd Allah attributed the
turning of these people from Musa al-Mubarqa' due to the fact that Musa
al-Mubarqa' himself rejected this belief.[17]
Proofs of Imamate
According
to al-Tabrisi and Ibn Shahrashub, the consensus of the Shi'a, on the
imamate of Imam al-Hadi (a) is a strong and undeniable proof for his
imamate.[18] However, al-Kulayni and others have previously mentioned
statements about imamate and some narrations suggest that when Imam
al-Jawad (a) was summoned by al-Mu'tasim al-'Abbasi to Baghdad and since
Imam al-Jawad (a) deemed it a threat for his life, he (a) introduced
Imam al-Hadi (a) as his successor to the Shi'a[19] and even left a
written statement about his imamate, in order for no doubt regarding
this to remain afterwards[20].
Contemporary Caliphs
During his imamate, Imam al-Hadi (a) was contemporary with some Abbasid caliphs, chronologically with:
* Al-Mu'tasim, al-Ma'mun's brother (218/833-227/842)
* Al-Wathiq, al-Mu'tasim's son (227/842-232/847)
* Al-Mutawakkil, al-Wathiq's brother (232/847-248/861)
* Al-Muntasir, al-Mutawakkil's son (six months)
* Al-Musta'in, al-Muntasir's cousin (248/862-252/866)
* Al-Mu'tazz, al-Mutawakkil's another son (252/866-255/869)
Imam al-Hadi (a) was poisoned and martyred, and was buried in his house in Samarra[21].
Al-Mutawakkil's Behavior
Prior
to al-Mutawakkil's accession to power, the caliphs' policies were the
same as al-Ma'mun's, which defended Mu'tazilits against Ahl al-Hadith
and this had brought a favorable environment for the Alavis. Upon the
coming of al-Mutawakkil, Ahl al-Hadith were supported and incited
against Mu'tazilites and Shi'a and this resulted in them becoming more
oppressed.
Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani mentioned bad behavior of
al-Mutawakkil towards Talibids and mentioned 'Ubayd Allah b. Yahya b.
Khaqan, al-Mutawakkil's minister, similar to al-Mutawakkil, among the
serious enemies of the Alavis. The severe actions of al-Mutawakkil
towards Talibids included: destroying Imam al-Husayn's (a) shrine,
plowing the lands on and around the grave of Imam al-Husayn (a) and
severely punishing the pilgrims.[22] This was only because the grave of
Imam al-Husayn (a) in Karbala proved as an emotional link between masses
of Shi'a and their Imams (a).
Summon to Samarra
In
233/848, al-Mutawakkil decided to take Imam (a) from Medina to Samarra.
After mentioning the spiteful talks of some people about the Ahl
al-Bayt (a) before al-Mutawakkil, Ibn al-Jawzi writes, "Due to these
reports implying the bond between people and Imam al-Hadi (a),
al-Mutawakkil summoned Imam to Samarra".[23]
Al-Shaykh al-Mufid
wrote, "In a letter to al-Mutawakkil, Imam al-Hadi (a) rejected
malicious reports. In replying to Imam, al-Mutawakkil wrote a respectful
letter and cunningly asked Imam to move towards Samarra".[24]
Al-Kulayni and al-Shaykh al-Mufid have mentioned the text of
al-Mutawakkil's letter.
Al-Mutawakkil had planned to take Imam
al-Hadi (a) to Samarra in such a way that people's emotions would not be
stirred and the Imam's (a) forced move would not have any undesirable
side effect, however the people of Medina had become aware of the plot
in advance.
Regarding this, Ibn al-Jawzi narrated from Yahya b.
Harthama, "I went to Medina and entered the city. People became agitated
and made unexpected slow reactions. Gradually, the distress of the
people reached a level that they began complaining to an extent, that
was never before seen in Medina".[25]
Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d.
463/1071) wrote that Ja'far al-Mutawakkil brought him [Imam al-Hadi (a)]
from Medina to Baghdad, and then to Samarra and he lived there for
twenty years and nine months, he passed away at the time of al-Mu'tazz
and was buried there.[26]
Residence in Samarra
Upon entering Samarra, Imam al-Hadi (a) was welcomed by people and stayed at the home of Khuzayma b. Hazim.[27]
According
to al-Shaykh al-Mufid, the first day Imam (a) entered Samarra,
al-Mutawakkil ordered that he (a) be held in "Khan Sa'alik"[28] for one
day and the next day Imam (a) was taken to a house which was assumed for
his residence. According to Salih b. Sa'id, this was done in order to
humiliate Imam (a).[29]
For twenty years until the end of his
life, the Imam (a) lived in that city. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid mentioned
Imam's (a) compulsory residence in Samarra and wrote, "Apparently, Imam
al-Hadi (a) was respected by the caliph, however in disguise,
al-Mutawakkil made plots against the Imam (a), none of which
succeeded".[30]
In Samarra, the people highly revered the Imam's
(a) great personality and spirit. They all showed great amounts of
humbleness before him.
During his compulsory residence in
Samarra, Imam (a) seemingly had a calm life and al-Mutawakkil wanted to
show him in the role of a courtier and decrease his grandeur in the eyes
of the people, while he took Imam (a) under surveillance.[31]
The
agents keeping surveillance, reported to al-Mutawakkil that there were
weapons and letters from the Shi'a in the house of the Imam (a). He
ordered for some soldiers to quickly rush to the Imam's (a) house. Upon
arriving at the Imam's (a) residence, they found him (a) alone in a room
with the floor covered by sand, while he (a) was wearing woolen
clothes, had a head covering and murmured some verses of the Qur'an; so
they took him in that state to al-Mutawakkil.
When Imam (a)
entered, al-Mutawakkil had a cup of wine in his hand; he seated Imam (a)
beside himself and offered Imam (a) a cup and asked him, "Drink!" Imam
(a) excused himself and said, "My meat and blood have never been fouled
by wine." Then, al-Mutawakkil asked Imam (a) to recite a poem that would
entertain him. Imam (a) said "I hardly ever recite poetry," but
al-Mutawakkil insisted and the Imam (a) recited a poem about the
powerful people who moved from palaces to graves after their death, and
their state in the grave.[32] When the Imam (a) finished reciting the
poem, all attendants and even al-Mutawakkil himself were so moved, that
al-Mutawakkil's face had become wet with tears. Al-Mutawakkil then
ordered that the drinking table be removed. He ordered for the Imam (a)
to be taken back to his house respectfully.[33]
Rule of al-Muntasir
After
al-Mutawakkil, his son al-Muntasir came to power and this lessened the
government's pressure on the Alavis; thus the pressure on Imam al-Hadi
(a) also decreased, even though in different regions, statesmen still
suppressed the Shi'a.
The decrease of suppression in comparison
to previous times, had led to better organization of the Shi'a in
different regions and if at any time, one of the deputies of Imam (a) in
the cities was arrested, Imam (a) appointed another person instead.
Explaining Islamic Teachings
Priority of the Qur'an
One
of the deviations Ghulat (exaggerators) brought up and caused other
Islamic sects to attack the Shi'a, was the issue of altering the Qur'an.
Sunnis are also affected by this due to the insertion of inauthentic
hadiths in their books.
Against this accusation, Imams (a) of the
Shia have always given priority to the Qur'an and have regarded any
hadith opposite to the Qur'an as invalid and false.
In an
extensive treatise narrated by Ibn Shu'ba al-Harrani, Imam al-Hadi (a)
strictly insisted on the priority of the Qur'an and mentioned it as an
accurate standard for assessment of hadiths and distinguishing authentic
ones from inauthentic ones. He officially declared the Qur'an as the
only text that all Islamic groups refer to.
Elsewhere regarding a
conflicting issue, Imam (a) referred to the Qur'an and convinced
everyone to agree with him.[34] Al-'Ayyashi narrated a hadith stating,
"Abu Ja'far and Abu 'Abd Allah, peace be with them, said we do not
accept anything unless it agrees with the Book of God and the conduct of
His Prophet (s)"[35]
Question of Creation of the Qur'an
One
of the most important issues of the third/ninth century which kept the
Sunni school of thought occupied, was the dispute over the issue of
Huduth and Qidam (creation or eternity) of the Qur'an which created
divisions and sects among them.
The Shi'a kept silent following
the instructions of Imams (a) over this issue. In a letter, Imam al-Hadi
(a) ordered one of the Shi'a not to give opinion over this issue and
not to display any bias with either of the opinions regarding creation
or eternity of the Qur'an.[36]
This helped the Shi'a not to become engaged in such fruitless arguments.
'Ilm al-Kalam (Theology)
Different
opinions among different Shi'a sects made it difficult for the Imams
(a) to direct the people. The Shi'ites were scattered in different
regions which meant that every once in a while, they became influenced
by others' opinions which added to the former mentioned issue. In this
confusion, non-Shi'a groups and anti-Shi'a oppositions incited these
disagreements and falsely projected them deeper than they actually were.
There is a narration from al-Kashshi that explicitly shows a person
made up three sects named Zurariyya, 'Ammariyya, and Ya'furiyya and
attributed them to each of the great companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a)
(i.e. Zurara b. A'yan, 'Ammar al-Sabati, and Ibn Abi Ya'fur).[37]
Imams
(a) of the Shia sometimes confronted questions, origins of some of
which were these disagreements among Shi'a scholars, which were
sometimes just discussion-oriented or sometimes deeper and the Imams (a)
had to be judges among these issues.
One of these issues was
Tashbih and Tanzih of Divine Attributes. Since the beginning, Imams (a)
of the Shia insisted on the truth of the theory of Tanzih.
Discussions
of Hisham b. al-Hakam and Hisham b. Salim on Tashbih and Tanzih caused
disagreements among the Shi'a and Imams (a) frequently encountered
questions in relation to these topics.
Consequently, more than
twenty one narrations are reported from Imam al-Hadi (a) about Tanzih,
some of which are very comprehensive and they all indicate that Imam (a)
approved of Tanzih.[38]
Regarding the Imams' (a) opinions about
predestination and free will, there is a comprehensive treatise
available from Imam al-Hadi (a). In this treatise, Shi'a theological
principles regarding predestination and free will, are explained
according to the Qur'an and the interpretation of the hadith, "La jabr
wa la tafwid bal amrun bayn al-amrayn," (there is no predestination or
free will, but the matter is between the two issues) narrated from Imam
al-Sadiq (a).[39]
Among narrations reported from Imam al-Hadi (a)
with the title of Ihtijajat, most of them are about predestination and
free will.
Du'as and Ziyarahs
Imam
al-Hadi (a) made great efforts in educating and familiarizing Shi'a
Muslims with Shi'a teachings through Du'a (supplication) and Ziyarah
(visiting either physical or vocal). Such du'as in different ways,
mentioned some political and social points as well as supplicating to
God. These points were very influential in the political realm of the
Shi'a and regularly inspired certain concepts within the Shi'a society.
Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira
Main article: Al-Ziyarah al-Jami'a al-Kabira
This
Ziyarah (visiting) is a wonderful course of Shi'a teachings and
introduces the position of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) which was initiated by
Imam al-Hadi (a) following the requests of the Shi'a.
Interacting with Shi'a
Imam
al-Hadi (a) was in contact with his Shi'a through the Wikala network,
the same as the previous Imams (a). During this time, most lovers of the
Ahl al-Bayt (a) were living in Iran.
Wikala network
Main article: Wikala network
Although
there was a great suppression made by Abbasid caliphs at the time of
the last Imams (a), the Shi'a had vastly spread throughout Islamic lands
and there were connections between Imam al-Hadi (a) and the Shi'a of
Iraq, Yemen, Egypt, and other places. This Wikala network guaranteed the
establishment, preservation, and strength of this connection. In
addition to collecting Khums and sending correspondence to the Imam (a),
deputies had a constructive position in theological and conflicts
regarding jurisprudence. The system had a pivotal role in their region
for establishing the leadership of the next Imam (a).
According
to Dr. Jasim al-Husayn, "It can be understood from historical narrations
that there were four regions for appointment of deputies," each region
included some cities as below:
* Baghdad, Mada'in, Sawad, and Kufa
* Basra and Ahwaz
* Qom and Hamadan
* Hijaz, Yemen, and Egypt
The
Imams' (a) deputies were in contact with the respective Imam (a)
through letters carried via trustworthy people. A great part of
jurisprudential and theological teachings of these Imams (a) were
delivered to the Shi'a through these deputies.
'Ali b. Ja'far al-Hamani was one of the deputies of Imam al-Hadi (a) from Haminia, a village near Baghdad.
Some
reports were submitted about him to al-Mutawakkil, which led to his
arrest and imprisonment. After being released after a long duration of
imprisonment, Imam (a) ordered him to go to Mecca and remain there until
the end of his life.[40]
Al-Hasan b. 'Abd Rabbih, or according
to some other reports, his son 'Ali, was one of the deputies of Imam
al-Hadi (a) and after him, Abu 'Ali b. Rashid was appointed and
announced by Imam (a) as his deputy.
From the narrations,
al-Kashshi has mentioned regarding Isma'il b. Ishaq al-Nisaburi, that
perhaps Ahmad b. Ishaq al-Razi was another deputy of Imam al-Hadi
(a).[41]
Relation with Iranian Shi'a
Most Shi'a of the first/seventh century were from Kufa, and the attribute of Kufi was their main sign of being Shi'a.
Since
the time of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), the title of Qummi
can be seen in the last name of some of the companions of Imams (a).
They were Ash'aris with Arab origin who lived in Qom.
At the time
of Imam al-Hadi (a), Qom was the most important center of the Iranian
Shi'a population and there were strong connections between Shi'a of this
city and the Imams (a). Exactly opposite to the extent of deviating and
exaggerating tendencies that existed among the people of Kufa, there
was anti-exaggeration and moderation among the people of Qom. The Shi'a
of Qom showed great attention to this issue.
The two cities of
Aveh and Kashan, near Qom were also influenced by Shi'a teachings and
followed the Shi'a insight of the people of Qom. In some hadiths,
Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Kashani is mentioned as one who asked Imam al-Hadi
(a) questions about the Unity of God.[42]
The people of Qom had
some financial relationships with Imam (a). In this regard, it is said
Muhammad b. Dawud al-Qummi and Muhammad al-Talhi were responsible for
collecting khums, people's gifts, and religious questions and delivered
them to Imam (a).
These residents of Qom and Aveh also traveled
in order to visit the shrine of Imam al-Rida (a) in Mashhad. Imam
al-Hadi (a) prayed for these people and said: "may they be
forgiven".[43]
The Shi'ites of the other cities of Iran had the
same relationship with the Imams (a). Although most cities of Iran were
populated with the Sunnis and the Shi'ites were the minority due to the
influence of Umayyads and Abbasids.
Abu Muqatil al-Daylami, a
companion of Imam al-Hadi (a) wrote a theology and hadith book about the
issue of imamate.[44] Daylam (East of Gilan province) embraced many
Shi'a since the late second/eighth century. Moreover, some immigrants
from Daylam who came to Iraq became Shi'a.
The epithets of some
of the companions of Imam al-Hadi (a) which are derived from city names
suggest their nationality as Iranian, such as Bishr b. Bashshar
al-Nisaburi (Neyshabur), Fath b. Yazid al-Jurjani (Gorgan), Ahmad b.
Ishaq al-Razi (Rey), Husayn b. Sa'id al-Ahwazi (Ahwaz)), Hamdan b. Ishaq
al-Khurasani (Khorasan), 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-Taliqani (Taliqan) who
lived in different cities of Iran. Due to the activities of the Shi'a,
Gorgan and Neyshabur gradually became Shi'a centers in fourth/tenth
century. There are other evidences which show that there were people
from Qazwin who were among the companions of Imam al-Hadi (a).
It
was famously said that people from Isfahan were extremist Hanbali
Sunnis. This was true to some extent, however, at times some Shi'a
companions of Imam al-Hadi (a) were also residing there including
Ibrahim b. Shayba al-Isfahani. Although, he was originally from Kashan,
he may have been called Isfahani due to his long residence there. We
also have 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Kashani who was among companions of Imam
al-Hadi (a) and was actually from Isfahan.[45] In a narration, there was
a man named 'Abd al-Rahman who was from Isfahan and became Shi'a after
he saw an act of wonder from Imam (a) in Samarra.[46]
Another
narration includes a letter from Imam al-Hadi (a) to his deputy in
Hamadan in which Imam (a) said, "I have recommended you to our friends
in Hamadan."
Ghulat
The same as previous
Imams (a), Imam al-Hadi (a) was also confronted with ghulat because
there were some among his own companions.
'Ali b. Hasaka was the
teacher of Qasim al-Sha'rani al-Yaqtini, who was among the heads of
ghulat and was rejected by Imam (a).[47] Al-Hasan b. Muhammad b. Baba
al-Qummi and Muhammad b. Musa al-Shariqi were also students of 'Ali b.
Hasaka. Among those cursed by Imam al-Hadi (a) were Muhammad b. Nusayr
al-Numayri and Faris b. Hatam al-Qazwini. In a letter, Imam (a)
renounced Ibn Baba al-Qummi and said, "He thought that I have chosen him
as a prophet and that he is the gate to me. Satan has misguided him".
Muhammad
b. Nusayr al-Numayri who claimed prophethood was the head of the
Numayriyya or Nusayriyya sect. It is said that he believed in
reincarnation and lordship of Imam al-Hadi (a). He believed in the
marriage with mahrams as justifiable, and also same-sex marriage of men.
He claimed as being sent by Imam al-Hadi (a) as a prophet. Muhammad b.
Musa b. al-Hasan b. Furat supported him. Followers of Muhammad b. Nusayr
that were called Nusayriyya were among the most famous Ghali
(exaggerating) sects who had some branches.[48]
Among other
ghulat of that period were 'Abbas b. Sadaqa, Abu l-'Abbas al-Tarafani
(Tabarani), and Abu 'Abd Allah al-Kindi, known as Shah Ra'is who were
among the greatest ghulat.[49]
Imam al-Hadi (a) ordered Faris b.
Hatam to be renounced. In a disagreement between Faris b. Hatam and 'Ali
b. Ja'far al-Hamani, the Imam favored 'Ali b. Ja'far, he rejected and
renounced Ibn Hatam. Imam (a) also ordered to kill Ibn Hatam and
guaranteed the paradise and happiness in the hereafter for the killer of
Ibn Hatam.
Among other ghulat who considered himself among
companions of Imam al-Hadi (a) was Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Sayyari[50] who
was regarded by most Rijal scholars as an exaggerator and whose
religious beliefs had been corrupted. His al-Qira'at is among the most
important references for the hadiths used in alteration of the Qur'an by
some people.
Husayn b. 'Ubayd Allah al-Muharrar was also among
ghulat who was considered as a companion of Imam al-Hadi (a). It is said
in Rijal al-Kashshi that at the time when those accused to ghuluw were
expelled from Qom, Husayn b. 'Ubayd Allah was among those expelled.
Martyrdom
According
to some reports, Al-Mu'tazz al-'Abbasi poisoned Imam al-Hadi (a) and
martyred him.[51] In the funeral of Imam al-Hadi (a), people slapped
themselves and scratched their faces. They took Imam's (a) body out of
his house and placed him in front of the house of Musa b. Bagha (the
commander of Abbasids army). When al-Mu'tazz al-'Abbasi saw them, he
decided to do the Funeral Prayer on Imam's (a) body. He then ordered
that the people place the body on the ground and he prayed before Imam's
(a) body, even though Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) and some Shi'a
previously had prayed by the Imam's (a) body before the funeral.
Afterwards, they buried Imam (a) in one of the houses in which he was
imprisoned. It was such a large crowd, that Imam al-'Askari (a) moved in
the crowd with great difficulty. Then, a young man brought a horse for
Imam (a) and people accompanied him to his house.[52]
Students and Companions
According
to al-Shaykh al-Tusi, the number of Imam al-Hadi's (a) students and
those who narrated from him in different Islamic sciences, exceeded 185
people. Below, some of the famous students of Imam (a) are mentioned:
'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani
According
to al-Shaykh al-Tusi, 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani, whose lineage reached
Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a) by four generations, was a companion of
Imam al-Hadi (a) and Imam al-'Askari (a). However, in some works, he is
considered among the companions of Imam al-Jawad (a) and Imam al-Hadi
(a).
'Abd al-'Azim was a pious scholar in fiqh who was
trustworthy to Imam al-Hadi (a). Abu Hammad al-Razi said, "In Samarra, I
went to Imam al-Hadi (a) and asked him about permissible and forbidden
issues and he (a) answered me. When I wanted to say goodbye, he (a)
said, 'O Hammad! If you have a religious question in life, ask 'Abd
al-'Azim in your region and convey my Salam (greeting) and regards to
him.'"[53]
'Uthman b. Sa'id
'Uthman b.
Sa'id became the student of Imam al-Hadi (a) when he was 11 and was
promoted so quickly that Imam al-Hadi (a) mentioned him as his Thiqa and
Amin (trustworthy).[54]
Ayyub b. Nuh
Ayyub b. Nuh
Ayyub
b. Nuh was a trustworthy person and had a great position in terms of
worshiping and piety; Rijal scholars have counted him among the
righteous servants of God. He was a deputy of Imam al-Hadi (a) and Imam
al-'Askari (a) who has narrated many hadiths from Imam al-Hadi (a).[55]
Al-Hasan b. Rashid
Al-Hasan
b. Rashid whose teknonym was Abu 'Ali, was one of the companions of
Imam al-Jawad (a) and Imam al-Hadi (a) and had a great position before
them. Al-Shaykh al-Mufid regarded him among prominent fiqh scholars and
great personalities, who were the reference for people to know the
permissible and the forbidden; and there was no doubt about them.
When
discussing agent and deputies of Imams (a), al-Shaykh al-Tusi mentioned
al-Hasan b. Rashid as a deputy of Imam al-Hadi (a) and mentioned the
Imam's (a) letters to him.[56]
Al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-Nasir
He
is also known as al-Hasan al-Utrush. Al-Shaykh al-Tusi counted him
among the companions of Imam al-Hadi (a). He was the grandfather of
al-Sayyid al-Murtada from his mother's side.[57] Regarding him,
al-Sayyid al-Murtada said, "His position and prominence in knowledge,
piety and fiqh is brighter than the sun. He was the one who spread Islam
in Deylam so that through him, the people there were rescued from
ignorance to guidance and returned to the truth through his call. His
great attributes and manners are beyond any count."[58]
Attacking Imam al-Hadi's (a) Shrine
In
recent years, some attacks have been made on his shrine by extremist
Salafi and Takfiri groups. The most destructive of these attacks, was
the one made on February 22, 2006, for which al-Qaida claimed
responsibility. It was made by placing 200 kg explosives in the center
of the dome which destroyed the minarets of the shrine as well. Two
years later, on March 13, 2008, the second attack on his shrine caused
the full destruction of the remaining minarets. Again on June 6, 2014,
ISIS made another vast attack towards Samarra toward the shrines of Imam
al-Hadi (a) and Imam al-'Askari (a) which was blocked by people, the
defenders of the shrine, and security forces of Iraq.
Reconstruction of the Shrine
After
the destruction of the dome and minarets of the shrine, the
reconstruction project on the dome began in 2010 in Qom under the
supervision of Sayyid Jawad Shahrestani. This dome has been plated with
23,000 gold bricks.
Also, the Darih of Imam al-Hadi's (a) shrine
has been made by the efforts of Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali al-Sistani. All
the expenses of this project which includes 70 kg gold, 4,500 kg silver,
1,100 kg copper and 11 tons of teak-wood (lasting over 300 years) are
provided by the office of Ayatollah Sayyid 'Ali al-Sistani.
Notes
1. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 635
2. Al-Nawbakhti, Firaq al-Shi'a, p. 135
3. Ibn al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawass, vol. 2, p. 492
4. Al-Dakhil, A'immatuna, vol. 2, p. 209
5. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 635
6. Al-Kaf'ami, al-Misbah, p. 512
7. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649
8. Al-Nawbakhti, Firaq al-Shi'a, p. 134
9. Al-Irbili, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 4, p. 7
10. Al-Dakhil, A'immatuna, vol. 2, p. 209
11. Nawba is the name of a vast land in the south of Egypt
12. Al-Khasibi, al-Hidayat al-kubra, p. 313
13. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649
14. Ibn Shahrashub, al-Manaqib, vol. 4, p. 433
15. Ibn Hajar, al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa, p. 207
16. Al-Nawbakhti, Firaq al-Shi'a, p. 134
17. Al-Ash'ari al-Qumi, al-Maqalat wa l-Firaq, p. 99
18. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 20
19. Al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 381
20. Al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 382
21. Al-Irbili, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 4, p. 40
22. Abu l-Faraj Isfahani, Maqatil al-talibiyyin, p. 478
23. Ibn al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawass, vol. 2, p. 493
24. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 644
25. Ibn al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawass, vol. 2, p. 492
26. Al-Katib al-Baghdadi, Tarikh Baghdad, vol. 12, p. 56
27. Al-Mas'udi, Ithbat al-Wasiyya, p. 200
28. Khan Sa'alik was a place where caravans would rest for a while.
29. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 648
30. Al-Mufid, al-Irshad, p. 649
31. Al-Tabrisi, I'lam al-wara, vol. 2, p. 126
32. Al-Mas'udi, Muruj l-dhahab, vol. 4, p. 11
33. Ibn al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-khawass, vol. 2, p. 497
34. Ibn Shahrashub, al-Manaqib, vol. 4, p. 435
35. Al-Majlisi, Bihar al-anwar, vol. 2, p. 244
36. Al-Saduq, al-Amali, p. 438
37. Al-Tusi, Ikhtiyar ma'rifat al-rijal, p. 265
38. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), pp. 84-94
39. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), pp. 198-213
40. Al-Tusi, Ikhtiyar ma'rifat al-rijal, pp. 607-8
41. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 320
42. Al-Saduq, al-Tawhid, p. 101
43. Al-Saduq, 'Uyun akhbar al-Rida (a), vol. 2, p. 260
44. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 317
45. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 352
46. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 123
47. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 518
48. Al-Nawbakhti, Firaq al-Shi'a, p. 136
49. Al-Tusi, Ikhtiyar ma'rifat al-rijal, p. 522
50. Musnad al-Imam al-Hadi (a), p. 323
51. Dala'il al-imama, p. 409
52. Al-Mas'udi, Ithbat al-wasiyya, p. 456
53. Al-Nuri, Mustadrak al-wasa'il, vol. 17, p. 321
54. Al-Tusi, Rijal, pp. 389,401
55. Al-Tusi, al-Ghiba, vol. 1, p. 349
56. Al-Tusi, al-Ghiba, vol. 1, p. 350
57. Al-Tusi, Rijal, p. 385
58. Al-Sayyid al-Murtada, Masa'il al-nasiriyya, p. 63
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